心房顫動是中風的高危因素之一,其發生率會隨年齡增長而逐漸增高1,2。但不少心房顫動患者並無明顯症狀,往往到出現嚴重併發症時才發現,惟身體機能已大受影響,可逆轉的機會很微1。心臟科專科醫生李楚山警告,心房顫動患者的中風風險是一般人的五倍2,及早確診、積極治療刻不容緩。

 

心房顫動心跳近300下?

心房顫動(又名心房纖維性顫動,簡稱房顫)是臨床上最常見的一種心律不正3。李醫生指出,出現心房顫動心跳快,心房會以每分鐘近300下的高速且不規律地跳動4。一般來說,年齡越大,心房顫動發病率越高2;隨著人口不斷老化,心房顫動問題漸趨普遍。「一項本地研究顯示,約有7%長者罹患心房顫動2。高血壓、心臟疾病(如冠心病、心臟肌肉疾病、結構性心瓣疾病等)、糖尿病、睡眠窒息症及賀爾蒙失調等,進一步增加患上心房顫動的機會2。」

 

心房顫動症狀未必明顯難察覺

然而,房顫未必會引起明顯症狀,令人難以察覺1, 2。他解釋,大部分患者會感到心悸、頭暈、氣促等1,2;根據研究,有五分之一患者未被診斷5。「發作時,雖然心房每分鐘會跳至300下,但跳動過程時快時慢,加上心臟的收縮力度比正常的弱,即使跳得很快很亂,也不易發現4。」至於會否出現明顯房顫症狀,則視乎個人體質、心臟結構是否正常而定。「如心臟有老化、厚化情況,當心臟亂跳時,感覺會較明顯4,6,7。」

 

心房顫動中風機率是常人五倍

長期房顫能帶來多種嚴重併發症。「最怕是中風,房顫患者的中風風險是一般人的五倍2!」房顫時,心房的跳動會變得很亂,令血液不流暢,有機會形成血塊2。這些血塊剝落後會離開心房,隨血液四處流動,流至哪裡就塞住哪裡,一旦塞住腦部會導致中風1;塞住腎臟會引致腎衰竭4, 8;塞住腸道血管就會腸壞死4,9;塞住腳部則會令組織缺血而壞死10。他強調,由房顫引致的中風,較其他原因引起的嚴重得多。「房顫所形成的血塊體積較大,往往會堵塞較大的血管,受影響的範圍較大,腦壞死的情況及中風後遺症同樣嚴重許多11-13。」另外,心房跳得過多會導致心臟功能衰弱2,4,亦有研究指出,房顫病人因較易出現小中風而較易患上腦退化症,記憶力變差14,15

雖說患房顫中風的機率是一般人的五倍2,但實際上要靠中風評分機制去評估。「風險因素包括高齡、高血壓、糖尿病等16,風險系數愈高,中風機率愈大。」

心臟科專科醫生李楚山警告,房顫患者中風風險是一般人的五倍(2),必須正視,加以提防。

心臟科專科醫生李楚山警告,房顫患者中風風險是一般人的五倍(2),必須正視,加以提防。

診斷心房顫動方法多

李醫生提到,心房顫動診斷方法有多種:最理想是病人發現症狀後,立即找醫生作心房顫動檢查;學懂幫自己把脈,看看脈象跳動有否不規律;定期用血壓計量度,當偵測到心跳不規律,螢幕上會顯示出來,再找醫生作檢查;部分智能手錶支援心電圖功能,可定時監控自己的心跳及心律,求醫時可作判斷及參考。醫生會為病人進行問症、把脈、聽心,如有懷疑,就會安排進階檢查如靜態心電圖、動態心電圖。「房顫的發病時間不穩,當靜態心電圖未能捕捉到時,我們會安排病人做動態心電圖,將微型心電圖機接在身上24小時以至兩星期,增加捕捉心律不正的機會3,4,17,18。」

 

三大心房顫動治療方向 減低併發症風險

想要治療房顫,需從減低併發症風險、控制心跳速度及節奏三大方向著手18。「薄血藥能稀釋血液,防止血塊形成,是預防併發症(中風)常用的藥物18,不適合服用的病人(如腦部曾嚴重出血者)可考慮接受左心耳封堵術19。」醫生一般會處方藥物去控制心跳速度及節奏,如效果不理想,病人就要考慮接受導管消融術18。「控制跳速的藥物包括β受體阻斷劑(Beta blockers)、鈣離子通道阻斷劑(Calcium channel blocker)及地高辛(Digoxin)18。」

抗心律不正(控制跳動節奏)的藥物基於其原理分為第一類(Class I)及第三類 (Class III)。他表示,第一類藥物普遍適合冠心病、心衰竭以外患者服用,以免觸發另一種心律不正。第三類藥物則各有不同,部分可用於急性情況,亦有部分可於心衰竭、心血管病患者使用。安全性方面,也有機會觸發心律不正或影響肝臟及甲狀腺功能20,當中亦有較新的藥物能減少上述副作用,可有助減少上述副作用,提升用藥安全。醫生會因應病人的情況採用最合適的藥物。

 

心房顫動運動宜忌

不少房顫患者都有同一疑問:究竟他們可以做運動嗎?李醫生說:「大前提是量力而為,宜選擇輕至中度帶氧運動如慢跑、游泳等,過份劇烈的運動則不宜,以免增加心臟負荷。平日少做運動者應加長暖身時間,循序漸進,待身體適應後,再逐漸加強運動強度21,22。服用薄血藥人士也要留意,避免進行碰撞式運動如打籃球、踢足球做頂頭槌動作等,以防內出血22,23。」

他補充,預防房顫應先處理病因如高血壓、冠心病、心肌疾病、睡眠窒息症2等,有時處理了,房顫問題就會消失。若純粹因年紀大而導致房顫的,就要從生活著手:遵從低鹽健康的飲食原則,血壓控制得好,間接減低患房顫的機會;配合適量運動、足夠睡眠、保持心境開朗,令交感神經更穩定,能減少發生心律不正情況1-3,24

 

This article is supported by Sanofi Hong Kong Limited.

MAT-HK-2100978-1.0-10/2021

參考資料:

  1. Mayo Clinic. Atrial fibrillation – symptoms and causes. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350624. (Accessed: October 2021).
  2. 衞生署; 心房顫動; available at https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/ncd_watch_aug2016_chi.pdf. (Accessed: October 2021).
  3. 智友站; 心律不正; available at https://www21.ha.org.hk/smartpatient/SPW/zh-HK/Disease-Information/Disease/?guid=869fcb4f-b436-4109-8420-02194e4fd55c. (Accessed: October 2021).
  4. Cleveland Clinic. Atrial Fibrillation (Afib). Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16765-atrial-fibrillation-afib. (Accessed: October 2021).
  5. Clua-Espuny JL, et al. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2013;66:545-552.
  6. Heart Foundation. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Available at https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/your-heart/heart-conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy. (Accessed: October 2021).
  7. Medline Plus. Aging changes in the heart and blood vessels. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004006.htm. (Accessed: October 2021).
  8. Mount Sinai. Acute arterial occlusion – kidney. Available at https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/acute-arterial-occlusion-kidney. (Accessed: October 2021).
  9. Shea YF, et al. Hong Kong Med J. 2015;21:471-474.
  10. Agency for Clinical Innovation. Acute Limb Ischaemia. Available at https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/networks/eci/clinical/clinical-tools/vascular-emergencies/acute-limb-ischaemia. (Accessed: October 2021).
  11. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Cardiac Embolism & Stroke. Available at http://www.secondscount.org/heart-condition-centers/info-detail-2/cardiac-embolism-stroke#.YV1U_NpBw2w. (Accessed: October 2021).
  12. Lin HJ, et al. Stroke. 1996;27:1760-1764.
  13. Jørgensen HS, et al. Stroke. 1996;27:1765-1769.
  14. Ding M, et al. Neurology. 2018;91:e1732-e1740.
  15. Cleveland Clinic. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or Mini Stroke. Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14173-transient-ischemic-attack-tia-or-mini-stroke. (Accessed: October 2021).
  16. Stroke Association. Are you at risk of stroke?. Available at https://www.stroke.org.uk/what-is-stroke/are-you-at-risk-of-stroke. (Accessed: October 2021).
  17. Care For Your Heart; 醫 for Effective 科技診斷心房顫動 及早拆解「隱形炸彈」; available at https://www.careheart.org.hk/?p=8600. (Accessed: October 2021).
  18. Mayo Clinic. Atrial fibrillation – diagnosis and treatment. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350630. (Accessed: October 2021).
  19. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. What Is Left Atrial Appendage Closure (LAA Closure or LAAC)?. Available at http://www.secondscount.org/treatments/treatments-detail-2/what-is-left-atrial-appendage-closure-laa-closure-#.YV1oh9pBw2w. (Accessed: October 2021).
  20. Dan GA, et al. Europace. 2018;20:731-732an.
  21. Mayo Clinic. Should people with atrial fibrillation participate in physical activity?. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/expert-answers/physical-activity-atrial-fibrillation/faq-20118480. (Accessed: October 2021).
  22. British Heart Foundation. How to exercise when you have atrial fibrillation. Available at https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/activity/exercise-and-atrial-fibrillation. (Accessed: October 2021).
  23. American College of Sports Medicine. Afib and Exercise – What You Need To Know. Available at https://www.acsm.org/blog-detail/acsm-certified-blog/2019/09/17/afib-and-exercise-you-need-to-know. (Accessed: October 2021).
  24. Intermountain Healthcare. Treating and Preventing Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/topics/heart/2014/02/treating-and-preventing-atrial-fibrillation/. (Accessed: October 2021).